Self-esteem as a Moderator of the Effects of Happiness, Depression, and Hostility on Suicidality Among Early Adolescents in Korea / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of self-esteem as a moderator of the factors influencing suicidality among middle-schoolers. METHODS: Moderated multiple regression analysis was applied to assess the influence of happiness, depression, and hostility on suicidality and to determine the degree to which self-esteem served as a moderator of those relationships. Data were collected from 268 students at a middle school in Busan, Korea, using a self-administered structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Happiness, depression, and hostility had significant direct effects on suicidality. Self-esteem showed no direct effect, but had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between hostility and suicidal behavior. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that various interventions, such as counseling programs, should be designed to alleviate hostility and depression and to enhance happiness and self-esteem among early adolescents.

Ocupaciones y su relación con el sobrepeso y obesidad en la adolescencia temprana / Occupations and its relationship with overweight and obesity in early adolescence

El sobrepeso y la obesidad se han convertido en uno de los problemas más serios de Salud Pública a nivel mundial, esta condición han ido en aumento en la población infantil y adolescente. Los abordajes a nivel preventivo no han dado los resultados esperados, muy por el contrario, el número de niños, niñas y adolescentes con esta condición aumenta año a año en forma alarmante.El último informe del Sistema Nacional de Evaluación de Resultados de Aprendizaje de Chile, SIMCE, de Educación Física (1) aplicado a estudiantes de octavo básico a nivel nacional, indica que el 44 por ciento de los adolescentes presenta obesidad o sobrepeso y de ellos el 23 por ciento presentaría riesgos de enfermedades cardiovasculares y metabólicas en la adultez.Las causas que explican este fenómeno son variadas, desde aspectos genéticos o ambientales hasta estilos de vida familiar (2) (3), nivel educacional y condición socioeconómica (4) (1).Los adolescentes tempranos, presentan cambios profundos, tanto a nivel físico como psicosocial, cambios que los hacen vulnerables a instalar estilos de vida que favorecerían aumentar de peso (5). Por ejemplo, durante esta etapa existe una transición hacia la independencia y la autonomía, lo que genera la administración propia de su tiempo y de las ocupaciones que realizan, por lo que tienden a involucrarse en actividades pasivas o presentan cambios en sus hábitos de sueño (6). Por el contrario, los adolescentes que mantienen estilos de vida saludables como realizar actividades físicas estructuradas tienen una menor probabilidad de presentar tal condición nutricional (7). La participación de los adolescentes tempranos en diversas actividades diarias determinaría un patrón ocupacional personal, que implica el tipo de actividades elegidas, organización y estructura de estas actividades, cantidad y calidad del tiempo que les destinan, lo que podría incidir en el aumento de peso. Esta investigación bibliográfica considera exponer...

Overweight and obesity have become one of the most serious public health problems worldwide, this condition has been increasing in children and adolescents. Collisions at the preventive level have not yielded the expectedresults; on the contrary, the number ofchildren and adolescents with this condition is increasing each year at an alarming rate. The latest report of the National Assessment of Learning Outcomes Chile, SIMCE, (1) applied to students in eighth gradenationwide, indicates that 44 percent of adolescents are obese or overweight and of them 23 percent present risks of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in adulthood.The reasons for this are varied, from genetic or environmental aspects to family lifestyles (2) (3), educational level and socioeconomic status (4) (1).Early adolescents, have profound changes, both physical and psychosocial level, changes that make them vulnerable to install lifestyles that favor weight gain (5). For example, thereis a transition to independence and autonomy during this stage, generating own time management and occupations they perform, so they tend to engage in passive activities or have changes in their sleep habits (6). By contrast, teens who maintain healthy lifestylesas structured physical activity are less likely to have such nutritional condition (7).The participation of early adolescents invarious daily activities determine a personal occupational pattern, which involves the type of chosen activities, organization and structure of these activities, quantity and quality of time allocated to them, which could influence weight gain.This literature review considers exposeoccupational early adolescents behaviors associated with obesity and overweight, subjecting this condition to an analysis from the occupational perspective.

Pulmonary dysfunction in obese early adolescents.

Aim Obesity leads to various complications, including pulmonary dysfunction. Studies on pulmonary function of obese children are limited and the results are controversial. This study was aimed to determine proportion of pulmonary dysfunction on early adolescents with obesity and to evaluate correlation between obesity degree with pulmonary dysfunction degree. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Child Health, Medical School, University of Indonesia, from November 2007 to December 2008. Subjects were 10 to 12 year-old adolescents with obesity. Subjects underwent pulmonary function test (PFT) to assess FEV1/FVC, FEV1, FVC, V50, and V25. Results 110 subjects fulfilled study criteria, 83 (75.5%) were male and 27 (24.5%) were female with median BMI 26.7 (22.6-54.7) kg/m2; 92 subjects (83.6%) were superobese. History of asthma and allergic rhinitis were found in 32 (29.1%) and 46 (41.8%) subjects, respectively. 64 (58.2%) subjects had abnormal PFT results consisting of restrictive type in 28 (25.5%) subjects, obstructive in 3 (2.7%), and combined type in 33 (30%). Mean FEV1, FVC, V50, and V25 values were below normal, while mean FEV1/FVC ratio was normal. There was no statistically significant correlation between BMI and PFT parameters. No significant correlation was found between degree of obesity and the severity of pulmonary dysfunction. Conclusions Pulmonary dysfunction occurs in 58.2% obese early adolescents. The most common abnormality was combined type (30%), followed by restrictive (25.5%), and obstructive type (2.7%). There was no correlation between BMI and pulmonary function test parameters.

Alcohol Experience, Alcohol Knowledge, and Alcohol Expectancy in Early Adolescents / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to explore the prevalence of alcohol experiences and to identify the expectancy on the effects of alcohol and alcohol knowledge in early adolescents. METHOD: The cross-sectional survey of 1854 students from seven middle schools in one district of Seoul was conducted by convenience sampling. Alcohol experience and early onset of alcohol use were measured by the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Alcohol expectancy was measured by an Alcohol Effects Questionnaire. RESULT: Over sixty five percent of adolescents reported that they had previous drinking experiences. The participants with no alcohol drinking experience had a lower level of alcohol knowledge than those with experience(t=2.73, p=.007). In expectancy on effects of alcohol, girls had a more positive alcohol expectation than boys(t=-2.54, p=.011). Alcohol knowledge negatively correlated with alcohol expectancy(r=-.40 p=.000). In regression of alcohol expectancy, gender and alcohol knowledge were significant predictors explaining 17%. CONCLUSION: The results support that alcohol expectancy is an important link with early drinking experiences and alcohol knowledge, focusing on the importance of gender differences. Therefore, an alcohol prevention program in early adolescence is needed and should be focused on multidimensionality of the alcohol expectancy with developmental and psychosocial factors for early adolescents.

Analysis of Most Recent Dream Content Korean Early Adolescents by Hall/Van de Castle System / 수면정신생리

OBJECTIVES: It has been known that the contents of dreams change according to neuro-developmental differences in sex, progression of age and various environments, unlike the established psychoanalytic theory. To investigate the changes, we collected "most recent dream report" and analyzed the contents of dreams by using Hall/Van de Castle System. METHOD: Most recent dream reports were gathered from age 12-14 years old, 2,673 middle school students (1,544 male 1,129 female) and analyzed those reports using Hall/Van de Castle System. The data were sorted in SAS and dream SAT. RESULT: There were prominent differences between male and female middle school students in Male/Female Percentage (male/female; 56%/35%), Familiarity Percentage (57%/69%), Aggression/Friendliness Percentage (79%/65%), Befriender Percentage (50%/33%), Physical Aggression Percentage (90%/70%), Indoor Setting Percentage (40%/55%), Negative Emotion Percentage (56%/68%) and Torso/Anatomy Percentage (51%/36%). There were significant differences in Male/Female Percentage (65%/44%), Friendliness, Physical Aggression and Self Negativity Percentage in male and there were significant differences in Friendliness, Familiarity and Friends Percent in female between 1st and 2nd grade. But, it showed much similar dream patterns between 2nd and 3rd grade in both gender. In male, Aggression/Character Index with male character is significantly increased by 2nd grade (1st/ 2nd/ 3rd; 0.48/1.04/0.98), In female, Friendliness/Character Index with male character had significantly decreased by 2nd grade (0.38/0.19/0.20). CONCLUSION: There were apparent differences between age 12-14 years old male and female. Male adolescents have differences mostly in categories related with aggression, but female adolescents have differences in categories related with environment or character. It shows that developmental level of male are slower than female as of yet and male needs more active interpersonal relationship to find identity. Otherwise, the influences of passive attitude and actual circumferential environment are reflected in female's dream. There are no prominent differences among ages, but age 12-13 years old adolescents shows significant differences in interacting with the other gender. It means that circumferential environment and interpersonal relationship affect the contents of dreams and also the cognitive development related to age and sex. Afterwards, the development of dreams could be better understood through the neurocognitive study and dream analysis between other ages and nations.